UPC-A is a continuous barcode symbol with a variable length, which can be encoded by numeric character set 0 to 9 (ASCII characters from 48 to 57 inclusive). It is the standard version of UPC barcode symbology, which is also known as Universal Product Code version A, UPC-A+5, UPC-A+2, UPC Code, UPC Symbol, GTIN-12, GS1-12, UCC-12.

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UPC-A is not self-checking, but its check digit can be calculated from 12 encodable characters. When an implied leading zero is added to the GTIN-12, a UPC-A barcode symbol can be decoded as a 13-digit number. Furthermore, like EAN-13, this barcode type can be accompanied by an Add-On symbol, which may be called UPC-A Supplement 5/Five-digit Add-On and UPC-A Supplement 2/Two-digit Add-On.

UPC-A is usually used in North America, and some other countries including the UK, Australia, and New Zealand for tracking trade items in stores. Moreover, along with the EAN barcode, the UPC is the only barcode allowed for scanning trade items at the point of sale, per GS1 standards.

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UPC-A barcode symbol is made up of a left quiet zone, a normal guard bar pattern, six symbol characters from number sets A, a centre guard bar pattern, six symbol characters from number set C, a normal guard bar pattern and a right quiet zone.

Apart from that, UPC-A barcode encoded data consists of four parts: number system, manufacturer code, product code and one check digit.

Number System: It consists of only one digit standing for a country.

Manufacturer Code: It is comprised of five digits, which is a specified code assigned by the UCC council to each manufacturer or company.

Product Code: It contains five digits, which is also a unique code assigned by the manufacture.

Check Digit: It is an essential part used to verify the accuracy of the encodable data. The checksum calculation is similar to EAN-13 Checksum Calculation.

UPC-A barcode is available to be converted into UPC-E. And there are four different cases. More details will be shown at Convert a UPC-A Barcode to UPC-E Barcode.

Comparison		UPC-A	EAN-8	EAN-13
Similarities	Encodable Data	Digits 0 to 9	Digits 0 to 9	Digits 0 to 9
	Symbology Type	Continuous	Continuous	Continuous
	Check Digit Modulo	Modulo 10	Modulo 10	Modulo 10
	Directionally Decodable	Omni-directionally	Omni-directionally	Omni-directionally
Differences	Symbol Length	Fixed: 12 digits	Fixed: 13 digits	Fixed: 8 digits
	Application	Used on small packages where an EAN-13 barcode would be too large, like cigarettes, pencils and chewing gum packets.	Used to mark products often sold in a supermarket or some retail points of sale.	Used to retail in North America, and in countries including the UK, Australia, and New Zealand for tracking trade items in stores.